Uterine Fibroids: What Black Women Need to Know

Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus. They are the most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age, affecting up to 80% of women by age 50. But African-American women are disproportionately affected — they are two to three times more likely to develop fibroids, tend to develop them at younger ages, and often experience more severe symptoms.

Symptoms can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, frequent urination, and difficulty getting pregnant. Many women with fibroids have no symptoms at all. When symptoms are present, they can significantly impact quality of life — and heavy bleeding can lead to anemia.

The exact cause of fibroids is not fully understood, but hormones (estrogen and progesterone), genetics, and growth factors all play a role. Research suggests that chemical hair relaxers, which are used more frequently by Black women, may be associated with increased fibroid risk — though more research is needed.

Treatment options range from watchful waiting for women with mild symptoms to medications that shrink fibroids, minimally invasive procedures like uterine fibroid embolization (UFE), and surgery. Hysterectomy — removal of the uterus — is the only definitive cure, but it is not the only option. Many women can preserve their uterus with less invasive treatments.

If you are experiencing symptoms that might be related to fibroids, talk to your gynecologist. An ultrasound can usually confirm the diagnosis. Advocate for yourself: ask about all available treatment options, including fertility-preserving approaches if you plan to have children.